{"id":12298,"date":"2018-08-08T10:01:37","date_gmt":"2018-08-08T14:01:37","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.iri.com\/blog\/?p=12298"},"modified":"2023-03-30T16:25:04","modified_gmt":"2023-03-30T20:25:04","slug":"pii-agedate-blurring-iri-fieldshield","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/beta.iri.com\/blog\/data-protection\/pii-agedate-blurring-iri-fieldshield\/","title":{"rendered":"PII Blurring in IRI FieldShield"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Adding &#8216;random noise&#8217; to data through blurring or perturbation is a data common anonymization requirement for researchers and marketers of protected health information (PHI) seeking to comply with the <\/span><a href=\"\/solutions\/data-masking\/hipaa\/overview\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">HIPAA Expert Determination Method<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> security rule. This capability is available in the <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.iri.com\/products\/fieldshield\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">IRI FieldShield<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iri.com\/products\/darkshield\">IRI DarkShield<\/a> data masking products, as well as the larger <\/span><a href=\"\/products\/voracity\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">IRI Voracity<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> data management platform (which includes them).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Data blurring, or random noise, can be used along with other <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.iri.com\/solutions\/data-masking\/static-data-masking\/blur\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">data generalization<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> techniques to improve re-ID risk scores by anonymizing key- or quasi-identifiers while still preserving their utility. It is also possible to use &#8216;lesser&#8217; masking functions on dates, too, like a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iri.com\/solutions\/data-transformation\/cross-calculate\">math<\/a> (e.g., add 10 to each age) or <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iri.com\/blog\/data-transformation2\/date-time-boost\/\">date calculation<\/a>. Either way however, you can also<em>\u00a0<\/em>preserve consistent date intervals in HIPAA and related data privacy scenarios like admit-discharge; <a href=\"mailto:fieldshield@iri.com\">ask us<\/a> how if this is a requirement.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">More specifically, IRI\u2019s <em>blur_age <\/em>and <em>blur_date<\/em> as well as its newer <em>blur_int <\/em>and <em>blur_int_pct <\/em>functions are related data generalization libraries designed to read input values and return similar but not identical values. The functions randomly blur a number or date within a certain range of the original number via a \u201cblur factor\u201d, but also keep the new number within a minimum and maximum value.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>How the Functions Work<\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Age blurring uses a function that can take either four or six arguments. The first set of arguments needs an original age, a minimum age, a maximum age, and a blur factor. The blur factor will determine the range that the function will change the original value. A blur factor of 10 will randomly pick a value between -10 and 10 years and then add it to the original value. The random blur will never pick zero unless the blur itself is set to zero. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The second set of arguments ask for two more inputs: a mode age and a second blur factor. The mode age is intended to be the mode of the data or another value that can be interpreted as the middle. Any age found within a certain distance of the mode is blurred by the second blur factor. The distance is the midpoint between the minimum and mode as well as the midpoint between the maximum and mode. This allows the function to adapt if the data distribution is skewed from the center.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The blur library contains the function <\/span><b>blur_age<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Its forms are:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><code>blur_age(AGE, MIN_AGE, MAX_AGE, BLUR_FACTOR)<br \/>\nblur_age(AGE, MIN_AGE, MAX_AGE, BLUR_FACTOR, MODE_AGE, MODE_BLUR_FACTOR)<br \/>\n<\/code><code><br \/>\n<\/code><\/p>\n<p><code><br \/>\n<\/code><a href=\"\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/data-blurring-blurred-faces.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-12300\" src=\"\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/data-blurring-blurred-faces.png\" alt=\"People with blurred faces\" width=\"600\" height=\"200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/beta.iri.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/data-blurring-blurred-faces.png 1100w, https:\/\/beta.iri.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/data-blurring-blurred-faces-300x100.png 300w, https:\/\/beta.iri.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/data-blurring-blurred-faces-768x256.png 768w, https:\/\/beta.iri.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/data-blurring-blurred-faces-1024x342.png 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Date blurring follows a format similar to age blurring but uses the a date as its input and output. The function supports ISO, American, and European date formats. Respectively, their forms are yyyy-mm-dd, mm\/dd\/yyyy, and dd.mm.yyyy. The random blur factors for these functions is in days and will change month and year if the new date is past the last day of the month or before the first.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><b>blur_date<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> function is contained within the dates library and exposed as one of four Blurring Functions in the Data Masking rule dialog in IRI Workbench (see below). Its forms are:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><code>blur_date (DATE, MIN_DATE, MAX_DATE, BLUR_FACTOR)<br \/>\nblur_date (DATE, MIN_DATE, MAX_DATE, BLUR_FACTOR, MODE_DATE, MODE_BLUR_FACTOR)<br \/>\n<\/code><\/p>\n<p><code><\/code><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <strong>blur_int<\/strong><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> function for standard integers with a relatively limited range between low (min) and high (max) values takes the form:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><code>blur_int(FIELD, MIN, MAX, BLUR, MODE, BLUR2)<br \/>\n<\/code><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">while the <strong>blur_int_pct<\/strong><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> function form only contemplates a percentage of blurring, which is better for values that may span a very large range:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><code>blur_int_pct(FIELD, PERCENT_AMOUNT)<\/code><\/p>\n<h3>\nExamples<\/h3>\n<p>Function Calls<\/p>\n<p><code>\/FIELD=(<em>EXPRESSION_AGE=blur_age(AGE, 18, 90, 10), TYPE=NUMERIC,\u00a0PRECISION=0<\/em>, POSITION=1, PRECISION=0, SEPARATOR=\"|\")<br \/>\n\/FIELD=(<em>EXPRESSION_DATE=blur_date(DATE, \"1982-12-31\", 30), TYPE=ISO_DATE<\/em> ...<\/code><\/p>\n\n<table id=\"tablepress-29\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-29\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1 odd\">\n\t<th class=\"column-1\">Input<\/th><th class=\"column-2\">Ouput<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2 even\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">61|1982-01-12<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">62|1982-02-01<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3 odd\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">81|1982-12-16<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">72|1982-11-17<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4 even\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">58|1982-11-29<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">66|1982-11-24<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5 odd\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">23|1982-03-05<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">19|1982-02-13<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-6 even\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">24|1982-11-18<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">21|1982-12-09<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-7 odd\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">42|1982-05-26<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">43|1982-06-14<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-8 even\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">28|1982-09-21<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">26|1982-09-10<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-9 odd\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">63|1982-06-13<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">60|1982-07-07<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-10 even\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">83|1982-03-08<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">87|1982-03-02<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-11 odd\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">30|1982-05-27<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">33|1982-06-23<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-12 even\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">37|1982-04-20<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">30|1982-03-21<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-13 odd\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">90|1982-10-15<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">81|1982-10-23<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-14 even\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">63|1982-06-21<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">66|1982-07-03<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-15 odd\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">72|1982-04-19<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">76|1982-05-03<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Graphical specification of blur function parameters into data masking jobs is available in <\/span><a href=\"\/products\/workbench\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">IRI Workbench<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. The Blur Functions dialog described below is launched from the list of available protection rules that can apply in data classification or FieldShield job design:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/data-blurring-new-field-rule-wizard.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-12301 size-full\" src=\"\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/data-blurring-new-field-rule-wizard.png\" alt=\"New Field Rule Wizard\" width=\"526\" height=\"713\" srcset=\"https:\/\/beta.iri.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/data-blurring-new-field-rule-wizard.png 526w, https:\/\/beta.iri.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/data-blurring-new-field-rule-wizard-221x300.png 221w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 526px) 100vw, 526px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Additionally, the functions can be saved as rules so that they can be reused. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Choosing Blur Functions open this dialog:<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_16440\" class=\"thumbnail wp-caption aligncenter style=\"width: 816px\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.iri.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/data-blurring-blur-functions.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-16440 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/www.iri.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/VoracityBlurFunctions2023.png\" alt=\"Random noise anonymization\" width=\"806\" height=\"472\" srcset=\"https:\/\/beta.iri.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/VoracityBlurFunctions2023.png 806w, https:\/\/beta.iri.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/VoracityBlurFunctions2023-300x176.png 300w, https:\/\/beta.iri.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/VoracityBlurFunctions2023-768x450.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 806px) 100vw, 806px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"caption wp-caption-text\"><em>Blur Functions &#8211; Another IRI data masking rule<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>For numbers which may fall into a large range, the function <em>blur_int_pct <\/em>blurs an integer by a percentage of its value. This handles uses cases where blurring a number by up to 200, for example, is insignificant if the original value is 20,000, and inappropriate if the original value is 20. A 10 percent blur might blur 20 by up to plus or minus 2, while blurring 20,000 by 10% will vary the result up to plus or minus 2,000.<\/p>\n<p>For each and every field value passed to the function, the percentage is applied to the value, and that becomes the blurring factor. Assuming a specified blur percentage of 25. A value of 20 would be blurred by a random amount between -5 and +5, a value of 2,000 would be blurred by a random amount between -500 and +500.<\/p>\n<h2>Behaviors for Bad Data<\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In case the value of the first argument is less than the minimum or greater than the maximum, the new value will default to the minimum or maximum value. This applies to all the blurring functions.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Blur factors that are larger than the actual distance between the minimum and maximum will be ignored. Instead, it will create a value between the minimum and maximum. A similar behavior will occur for the mode blur factor.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The blur_age function will return a bad value error if the first argument read in is not an integer. This function will also accept negative values as long as they are integers.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If blur_date encounters a value that is not an ISO_DATE, AMERICAN_DATE, EUROPEAN_DATE, it will return \u201cnot-a-date-time\u201d. This is the default value for the <\/span><a href=\"\/blog\/data-transformation2\/date-time-boost\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Boost library<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> variables IRI uses, and will return it if the variable is not set correctly or not set at all.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Adding &#8216;random noise&#8217; to data through blurring or perturbation is a data common anonymization requirement for researchers and marketers of protected health information (PHI) seeking to comply with the HIPAA Expert Determination Method security rule. This capability is available in the IRI FieldShield and IRI DarkShield data masking products, as well as the larger IRI<\/p>\n<div><a class=\"btn-filled btn\" href=\"https:\/\/beta.iri.com\/blog\/data-protection\/pii-agedate-blurring-iri-fieldshield\/\" title=\"PII Blurring in IRI FieldShield\">Read More<\/a><\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":115,"featured_media":12300,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[8,1,29],"tags":[1356,20,1340,1342,14,19,13,1357,1354,1341,520,789,1355,1344,1343],"class_list":["post-12298","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-data-protection","category-data-transformation2","category-test-data","tag-age-blurring","tag-data-anonymization","tag-data-blurring","tag-data-generalization","tag-data-masking","tag-data-obfuscation","tag-data-protection-2","tag-dob-blur","tag-hipaa-expert-determination","tag-indirect-identifier-masking","tag-iri-fieldshield","tag-iri-voracity","tag-random-noise","tag-re-id-risk-score","tag-risk-score"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v23.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>PII Blurring in IRI FieldShield - IRI<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/beta.iri.com\/blog\/data-protection\/pii-agedate-blurring-iri-fieldshield\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"PII Blurring in IRI FieldShield - IRI\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Adding &#8216;random noise&#8217; to data through blurring or perturbation is a data common anonymization requirement for researchers and marketers of protected health information (PHI) seeking to comply with the HIPAA Expert Determination Method security rule. This capability is available in the IRI FieldShield and IRI DarkShield data masking products, as well as the larger IRIRead More\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/beta.iri.com\/blog\/data-protection\/pii-agedate-blurring-iri-fieldshield\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"IRI\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2018-08-08T14:01:37+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2023-03-30T20:25:04+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/beta.iri.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/data-blurring-blurred-faces.png\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1100\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"367\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Craig Schein\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Craig Schein\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"5 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/beta.iri.com\/blog\/data-protection\/pii-agedate-blurring-iri-fieldshield\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/beta.iri.com\/blog\/data-protection\/pii-agedate-blurring-iri-fieldshield\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Craig Schein\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/beta.iri.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/803e7bda27760374008e0dee86eee2bd\"},\"headline\":\"PII Blurring in IRI FieldShield\",\"datePublished\":\"2018-08-08T14:01:37+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2023-03-30T20:25:04+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/beta.iri.com\/blog\/data-protection\/pii-agedate-blurring-iri-fieldshield\/\"},\"wordCount\":926,\"commentCount\":1,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/beta.iri.com\/blog\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/beta.iri.com\/blog\/data-protection\/pii-agedate-blurring-iri-fieldshield\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/beta.iri.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/data-blurring-blurred-faces.png\",\"keywords\":[\"age blurring\",\"data anonymization\",\"data blurring\",\"data generalization\",\"data masking\",\"data obfuscation\",\"data protection\",\"DOB blur\",\"HIPAA Expert Determination\",\"indirect identifier masking\",\"IRI FieldShield\",\"IRI Voracity\",\"random noise\",\"re-ID risk score\",\"risk score\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Data Masking\/Protection\",\"Data Transformation\",\"Test Data\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/beta.iri.com\/blog\/data-protection\/pii-agedate-blurring-iri-fieldshield\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/beta.iri.com\/blog\/data-protection\/pii-agedate-blurring-iri-fieldshield\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/beta.iri.com\/blog\/data-protection\/pii-agedate-blurring-iri-fieldshield\/\",\"name\":\"PII Blurring in IRI FieldShield - 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